| | Mini mémoires S2. | |
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thestral.
Messages : 807 Date d'inscription : 12/02/2015
| Sujet: Mini mémoires S2. Mar 10 Avr - 18:41 | |
| 18 mai dernier délais. "Order and Disorder"
Culture Antique - ENVOYE. (F. PROST) Histoire Britannique - ENVOYE. (M. P-BOISSIERE) Renaissance Anglaise - ENVOYE. (M-C. DANIEL) Géographie - ENVOYE. (O. MILHAUD)
Dernière édition par thestral. le Mar 16 Oct - 22:19, édité 8 fois | |
| | | thestral.
Messages : 807 Date d'inscription : 12/02/2015
| Sujet: Re: Mini mémoires S2. Mar 10 Avr - 18:45 | |
| CULTURE ANTIQUE : François Prost francoisprost@outlook.com
- DONE:
ROME & WORLD ORDER READING ASSIGNMENT: Virgil, Aeneid, Books 1-6; Livy, History of Rome, Book 1.GUIDELINES: • For all items/ideas: ALWAYS refer to the passages in the texts using the standard numeration system : for Virgil : book and line numbers ; for Livy : chapter number. • WORD or PDF format ONLY (no other format will be accepted): Times New Roman 12, line spacing 1.5; • max. 4 to 5 pages. • Your name must appear in the title of the document. QUESTION :How did the Roman writers of the Imperial age Virgil and Livy (re)construct the Roman past in order to celebrate Rome?Consider first the story of Aeneas and second the early history of Rome, from Romulus to Ancus Martius (i.e., before the Etruscan Kinship episode), as studied this semester: select and analyse - the salient features of the characters which embody typically Roman virtues and ideals; - the events or episodes which express through history patterns that other peoples express through myth, in order to make sense of human life and social organization; - the narrative elements which anticipate on the future history of Rome in order to explain what will happen later. - DOSSIER:
DIL ELISE PPB
POUR LE 18/05/18
CULTURE ANTIQUE.
The history of Rome is a blurred subject – indeed, we are not quite sure about its past, since the tales of its history seem to be a lot based on legends. Considering also the fact that Rome built itself on conflicts and wars, many works and books might have been burned, which is a loss of informations. Also, we don’t have the tools to know if the tales that we have can be trusted. Thus, if the inhabitants wanted to make the city big, they needed to relate the past of the city – to make it grow bigger and stronger. Moreover, the city of Rome built itself upon myths and legends, leading to a big place for the polytheism – this can explain this mix between reality and imagination. This can lead us to ask ourselves a question : how did the Roman writers of the Imperial age Virgil and Livy (re)construct the Roman past in order to celebrate Rome? Through our study, we will focus on both Virgil and Livy’s work to support our words.
The Aeneid is the birth of Rome’s history. Indeed, it tells the travel of Aeneas from Troy to Italy – and it is one of the most prestigious of its genre. In itself, the character of Aeneas seems to fit the ideal of the Roman – a warrior, a survivor, who flee away with his family and fought to find a new place to stay. Indeed, by using the character of Aeneas – the figure of the determined soldier, demigod (son of Venus), it gives a whole new sort of legacy to the people of Rome. Thus, it gives the feeling that the inhabitants are the descendants of a powerful line. In order to find a new place, now that Troy has fallen, Aenas has to redouble determination and strength because the path is not easy. Since demigods are always “tested” and rarely get an easy life (such as Herakles, Achilles ..), we could say that by taking their legacy from a demigod, the Roman did show themselves as the descendants of the gods. By getting constantly help from his mother Venus (such as when she talks to Jupiter about the Trojan survivors in the book I, or when she plans to marry her son with the princess Dido to ensure his future in the book IV). This can also be seen through the figure of both Romulus and Remus, who were the children of Mar, god of destruction and war. Both fought for the head of Rome. Thus, it seems that the Roman chose to give a vision of their legacy as a constant fight and bloodbath (since they also were known for being defensive of their city, and great fighters). We could assume that their main purpose was to appear as a nation of fighters and survivors, born from the blood of the gods whom they respected the most. Could we say that they tried to build a bloody past in order to intimidate their enemies, and make them appear as fearless warriors ? Modifying history at its own goods has always been a thing for the countries (as we can see in the work of memories, or to build themselves a new “virginity” in order to start again after a war) so maybe this was a way to celebrate Rome’s greatness, and their history.
After being ruled by Remus, Rome was left into the hand of other kinds such as Numa Pompilius, Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Martius (who were the legendary kings of Rome along with Tarquinius Priscus, Servius Tullius and Tarquinius Superbus). Each of them seemed to incarnate one of the ideals of the Roman – the first, Numa Pompilius, was known as a very religious man who respected the gods, and also the one who gave political institutions to the city, then bringing order to Rome through his righteousness of mind. Tullus Hostilius, as his name speeaks by itself, was a combative king who gave a lot of credit to war and didn’t respect the god. His figure is very different from Numa Pompilius’ and contrasts a lot with his predecessor. And after his death came Ancus Martius, who made sure that the religious texts and ceremonies would not be left out again. After giving a short look over these three kings, we can notice the fact that they were different from each other and gave something different to the city. Numa Pompilius brought order, Tullus Hostilius disorder and Ancus Martius tried to order again the city of Rome so it would be taken away from the god’s wrath. But what is the boundary between legend and reality ? This is a huge question. In those two major works that are the Aeneid and the History of Rome, both seem to mix legend and reality. How could we possibly separate them ? In fact, it first appears that both of them are based on true events. Greeks did actually come to Italy in order to create colonies and expand their territory – this is how Latium was born. In (re) creating an history to Rome, they gave explanations to later events such as the Punic Wars – and also put Rome on a pedestals as if the city was under the odds of the gods. In the History of Rome, we could also try to give another look of the work of Livy – a more metaphorical one. Indeed, Livy claimed that Rhea Sylvia, the mother of Romuls and Remus, was actually raped by a man and, since she was a Vestale and vowed to be a virgin forever, she blamed it on a divine conception so she might be spared. Also, through the figure of lupa or the she-wolf, it could be said that they were in fact found and fed by a woman named Lupa and took pity of them, since they were babies.
To conclude, we can say that both Livy and Virgil chose to mix Rome’s history with a bit of legend to give the city a whole new influence.They both used historical events and combined it with metaphorical reinterpretations (such as Lupa, or the birth of the twins). By manipulating its history in order to make it look bigger and more powerful, they also gave Rome a bit of mystery since its past is still an enigma nowadays. Indeed, there are still controversies about what is the truth and what isn’t in the past of the city (for example, we know that the legendary kings might have existed, but not like in the stories).
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
- ancient.eu. - roma quadrata. - wikipedia.
Dernière édition par thestral. le Lun 14 Mai - 22:43, édité 2 fois | |
| | | thestral.
Messages : 807 Date d'inscription : 12/02/2015
| Sujet: Re: Mini mémoires S2. Mar 10 Avr - 18:49 | |
| HISTOIRE BRITANNIQUE : Muriel Pécastaing-Boissière muriel.pecastaing-boissiere@wanadoo.fr
- Spoiler:
Victorian and Edwardian Her-story: Women in Britain 1857-1914 Consignes Using “order / disorder” in your key question, you will comment on the following documents conjointly, discussing the various reasons for opposing women’s vote as expressed in them, in their context. Your commentary must include footnotes as well as a bibliography. Reading list Outre au moins un ouvrage général de la bibliographie de cours (voire brochure) et le cours lui-même : Brown, Richard. “The Anti-Suffrage Movement”, blog Looking at History, 30 December, 2012 (http://richardjohnbr.blogspot.fr/2012/12/the-anti-suffragist-movement.html) Des recherches personnelles complémentaires sont attendues. Présentation Votre commentaire, bibliographie comprise, ne devra pas dépasser 5 pages tapées en Times 12, interligne 1,5, pièce jointe Word (.doc) ou en .pdf.Rédigez dans votre anglais, même s’il est hésitant, et n’oubliez jamais guillemets et références (footnotes) pour vos citations. - DOCUMENTS:
DOCUMENT 1Extract from The Woman M.P.: A Peril to Women and the Country, a pamphlet by the Manchester branch of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage (1910) The pamphlet listed six reasons why women should not be granted the right to vote : 1° The giving of votes to women, with its consequence, universal adult suffrage, and its corollary, the woman M.P., would lower the quality of our legislation, would increase the number of capricious, emotional, meddlesome laws, and would therefore in many cases bring the law into contempt and render it a dead letter. 2° The giving of votes to women would lower the whole tone of politics. 3° The giving of votes to women would minimise their influence for good, both socially and politically. It would make a difference for the worse in their treatment by men, and it would have an evil effect on the character of women themselves. 4° The giving of votes to women would have an effect for the worse on the upbringing of the young and the future of the race. 5° The giving of votes to women would be disastrous in our relations with foreign powers and with our dependencies, especially those which, like India, are inhabited by races not European. 6° The giving of votes to women is not desired by the overwhelming majority of the women of this country. It is actively opposed by numbers greater than those comprising the whole of the suffrage societies, and it is passively opposed by millions more. Women do not desire the duties and responsibilities attached to the Parliamentary Franchise, and above all, they strongly object to being ruled by women. DOCUMENT 2Recruitment poster for the National League for Opposing Women’s Suffrage (1912) by John Hassall (1868-1948) (NB: the two little girls are the man’s daughters)
- MINI MEMOIRE:
VICTORIAN AND EDWARDIAN HER-STORY.
Women’s right always had been a controversial subject, and should never be taken for granted. Indeed, nowadays, even though they gladly evolved, there are still remnants of the patriarchy that block women from completely lighting up. If we take a look at the dates, it’s been ninety years (since 1928) that women can actually vote – it’s less than a century, which is still very close. And before that, women had to fight hardly in order to get their rights – which was not easy in a manly-focused society. Furthermore, they weren’t considered as equals to man, and the fact that society was also a lot linked to religion and feminine behavior didn’t help. Women had a lot of pressure on their shoulders since they were stuck with a role they didn’t chose to play (such as being a mother, housekeeper, etc.). They were dependent of their husband and couldn’t do many things on their own – they were even prevented some activities such as riding a bike because, according to the doctors, it would lead their uterus to fall down. Everything was used to prevent them from being independent. This can lead us to ask ourselves a question : in order to construct and order again society, can we say that it needed to be destroyed through disorder ? We will begin by studying the inequalities before we will talk about the destruction of stereotypes.
It is not a surprise to say that law wasn’t always on the side of women. But there were also people who fought against the emancipation of women – and it is the case of the National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage. Founded (NLOWS) in December 1910, it was composed by both men and women – because some women actually believed that they should stay away from politics : which shows that society succeeded in “brainwashing” them. We have a document which is related to the NLOWS : and it is a list of six reasons why women shouldn’t be granted the right to vote. This pamphlet, which takes the form of an article of law, list different reasons of why women are not competent. For example, the first one is actually the leftovers of a cliché which consists of thinking that women are neurotic and too passionate which leads them to not being able to make a difference between their feelings and the professional place. The third one actually shows that people are “scared” that women might take their independence and start to fight for themselves : indeed, it is written “ it would have an evil effect on the character of women themselves” which implies what I just said. Moreover, it also tries to manipulate women into thinking that having the right to vote would not be good for them as it will “minimise their influence for good”. Later, it also uses a political argument by saying that giving more rights to women would taint England’s relationship with foreign countries such as India.1 And as it has been said earlier, some women were part of the NLOWS, which shows that all women did not want their rights to improve – and this is shown in the sixth point of the document where it is specified that it “is not desired by the overwhelming majority of women” : which is kind of surprising for us, in our modern look over the issue. According to Susan Goodier, a history lecturer, that would be because most of them considered that they (women) “would suffer when women achieved political equality with men“, although they agreed that these women “were earnest, intelligent, often educated and professional [..] who sincerely believed that women, and the nation-stat“. To go beyond that, and fight these attachment to the “order” of society, the Suffragettes started to grow bigger and raise their voices. Posters in favor of their demands were actually created and displayed in the street. But, as they were people who disagreed with those demandes, Anti-Suffragettes were also displayed everywhere - and were are going to talk about one specifically. Created by a member of the NLOWS whose name was John Hassal, in 1912, it represents a man who just got home from work. At his feet, we can see that one of his daughters is sleeping (or passed out of tiredness) while the other one fell asleep on the table – holding onto women’s clothes. On the wall, we can wee the words “VOTES FOR WOMEN” and, in smaller letters, a note (possibly from the mother) which says “back in an hour or so”. And, in big letters, we can read the inscription “AFTER A LONG DAY WORK”, which is related to the father coming home from work. This poster’s aim is to convey the idea that women must be housekeepers since it is their role to take care of the kids and clean the house so that her husband would come from work and has nothing to do. Here, the poster shows that giving more rights to the women would lead to a sort of “marital chaos” and would disrupt the order of the function of marriage. From our point of view, we could say that it translates the idea that to get a more fair order you need to bring disorder to another way of working.
Then, in order to get their rights and disrupt the order (as it has been said earlier), women had to lead a destruction again the stereotypes that were stick to their skin. This need gave birth to the Suffragette’s Movement, lead by women who were sick of the patriarchal society and wanted to be free from men. They were independent women who didn’t want to rely on any man since, at that time, they were not many things that women could do alone (except what was related to house work, cooking and the children). Other groups of women also rose from these needs : such as the Women’s Freedom League, founded by actual members of the Suffragette’s Movement (and led by Teresa Billington-Freig alongside Charlotte Despard). Those two groups were different in the way they behaved but had the same demands : more rights for the women. For example, during their protests, the Suffragettes used martial arts to protect themselves from being taken away by policemen. Indeed, many (not to say most of them) knew about Ju-Jitsu2. This can be seen as a way to emancipate themselves and to prove that they didn’t need no man’s protection to stay sage : they could easily do that on their own. Also, these movements allowed to women to be put in light – and it actually also permitted to some of them to become powerful and meaningful feminine leads. It was the case of Annie Besant, a leader of the Fabian Society3. Despite the fact that she was not a member of the Suffragettes, it didn’t stop her from fighting for women’s right. Indeed, she lead a boycott agains the factory of Bryant and May – the birth of women’s emancipation and need to fight for their own lead them to actually raise their voices against a system that was not in their favor. Emma Pankhurst, who was one of the leads of the Suffragettes movement, also became a famous feminine figure since she is one of those who rose her voice the most. Sickened by the society and its behavior thus its way of treating women. In fact, she (and her daughters) faced many prison sentences and went on hunger strikes while they were shut in and fed by force.4
To conclude we could say that, in order to actually change the mentalities and improve their conditions just as their rights, women had to come through a long process of bringing disorder into their society since it was full of patriarchal and manlike ideas. This can also be observed in any other way to dealing with the ideologies of societies : for example, after the World War II, Germany had to come through a long process of denazification since its population was (mainly) antisemitic and racist. To fight an society and change it, you need to bring disorder – and the Suffragettes, more like women who fought for their rights, understood that.
FOOTNOTES. 1 At that time, India was occupied by British and in 1910, Bhoutan’s politics was under England’s authority. This relationship was actually really important for England since it provided them products such as tea. 2 The Ju-Jitsu is a martial art which consists of returning your opponent’s force against him. « Ju » means tender, soft, flexible – it translates the idea that this technique is not about brutal strenght, but more about avoiding confrontation. 3 The Fabian Society was a socialist organization whose purpose was to help the growth of the principles of democratic socialism. 4 This way of dealing with the issues of hunger strikes was really violent and could be seen as a rape. Some sort of porridge was forced into women’s troath, while they were kept immobile by men – this wasn’t a solution, and we could say that it just made the situation even worse.
Dernière édition par thestral. le Mer 16 Mai - 16:28, édité 2 fois | |
| | | thestral.
Messages : 807 Date d'inscription : 12/02/2015
| Sujet: Re: Mini mémoires S2. Mer 9 Mai - 16:22 | |
| INTRODUCTION A LA RENAISSANCE ANGLAISE : MARIE-CELINE DANIEL mcelinedaniel@hotmail.com
- DONE:
Read the text carefully, and comment upon it in an essay. Your commentary should address the following points : The context in which the proclamation was made, emphasising how it may have encouraged the authorities to act upon the question of poverty and social disorder; The vocabulary that is used the proclamation to refer to poor people. Who, do you think, did the text really aim at? The measures that are mentioned in the proclamation; The definition of “order” and “disorder” that one might draw from the proclamation Présentation Vos nom et prénom seront clairement indiqués sur le document au début du devoir. Vous devrez me l’envoyer à mcelinedaniel@hotmail.com en pièce jointe au format .doc ou bien .docx ou bien .pdf. Tout autre format sera refusé. ATTENTION ! Tout plagiat sera sévèrement sanctionné et considéré comme une fraude. Rédigez dans votre anglais, même s’il est hésitant, et n’oubliez jamais les guillemets et références obligatoires pour toutes vos citations. Enfin, veuillez noter qu’on attend d’un mini-mémoire une certaine longueur (de 1800 à 3000 mots), pas du remplissage, mais de la réflexion et de la maturité intellectuelle. - Spoiler:
Proclamation Enforcing Statutes against Vagabonds and Rogues, 1576 Hampton Court, 14 December 1576, 19 Elizabeth I The Queen’s most excellent majesty, bring credibly informed that many vagabonds, rogues, idle persons, and masterless men having nothing to live on do daily resort to the cities of London and Westminster and the suburbs of the same, and also to the borough of Southwark and other villages and towns near adjoining to the said cities and boroughs, and there are suffered to live very 5 disorderly; by occasion wherefore many robberies and felonies and other horrible crimes and offenses be committed and done to the high displeasure of Almighty God and to the great hurt of her good and loving subjects; the chief occasion whereof seemeth to be the want of the good execution of the good laws and statutes made for the punishment of such masterless men, idle and vagrant persons; wherefore her majesty, minding with some severity presently to have the said good 10 laws and statutes already provided against such persons to be duly put in execution, hath thought good by this her proclamation to notify the same her highness’ pleasure to all her loving subjects: And therefore doth straightly charge and command all persons that by the laws of this realm may be taken for rogues or vagabonds, and all idle persons and masterless men not having wherewith to live on, not living by any lawful labor or occupation, and being her natural born subjects, that 15 they and every of them do within two days next after the publishing of this proclamation depart and avoid themselves from the said cities of London and Westminster and suburbs of the same, and from the borough of Southwark and all other towns and villages within seven miles compass of the said cities and borough; and from thence to repair to the countries and places where they were born, and there to tarry and abide in some lawful work and exercise, as they ought to do; 20 upon the pains and penalties limited and expressed in the laws and statutes provided against such offenders. And her majesty’s further pleasure and express commandment is that the mayor, aldermen, and recorder of the said city of London, and all justices of peace within the counties of Middlesex, Kent, Surrey, and Essex, and specially all those justices that be within the limits aforesaid: that they 25 and every of them, as they will avoid her highness’ displeasure, do from time to time, as occasion shall serve, cause good watch to be set and search to be made in all places where they shall think convenient for the apprehending, arresting, and taking of all such idle, vagrant persons and masterless men; and that they cause the same with all speed to be imprisoned and duly punished according to the tenor and effect of her majesty’s laws and statutes in such cases provided without 30 any toleration or favor whatsoever to be showed unto any of them. And her majesty doth also specially charge and command the said mayor, aldermen, and recorder of London, and all justices of peace, bailiffs of liberties and franchises within the said cities, towns, and limits of their jurisdictions, do from time to time cause good search to be made, as well in all common tabling houses, inns, alehouses, tippling houses as also in all bowling alleys and other 35 places where any gaming or play is used and frequented, and there to apprehend and take such suspected persons, being masterless men of evil name and fame, not having wherewithal to maintain their idle life; and the same so apprehended and taken to commit to prison, there to remain until they shall receive such punishment and correction as by the laws and statutes of this realm is and shall be due unto them. And her highness is further pleased and contented that the 40 mayor of the said city of London shall have power and authority from time to time to proclaim and publish this present proclamation in all places within the said city and suburbs so often as to him shall seem needful and convenient. Paul L. Hughes and James L. Larkin, Tudor Royal Proclamations, Vol. II, pp. 415-17
- DEVOIR:
From all the second half of the 16th century until the beginning of the 17th century (March 1603 to be more specific) Elizabeth Ist of England (also known as “the Virgin Queen”, “Gloriana” or “Good Queen Bess”) of the House Tudor was at the head of the country. She “inherited” her title of Queen from Mary I, whom she shared the same father (Henry VIII of England), who left her a country prone to famine. Indeed, the population of England grew by 35%1, which led the people to deeply weaken and suffer from hunger since the country didn’t have the means to fed eall of them. This rose from 35% made the population go from three million people to four million – which is a high rate that can’t be ignored. Also, England faced hard times due to poverty and other issues related to this and the document presented talks about one of these issues. It is a proclamation which name is Proclamation Enforcing Statutes against Vagabonds and Rogues, published in 1576 – year when England still faced issues related to poverty. It was actually written by Paul L. Hughes and James L. Larkin. There are not many (not to say any) informations about those two men, who they were and what actually was their role : but since they wrote this proclamation we can suppose that they were part of England’s politics, government. To go back to the document, it talks about the robberies and other crimes that happened to villages and people. After reading the document, we can ask ourselves : how can we say that this proclamation fights against the disorder that is occurring in England ? First, we will focus on the context, how does it come that it could be considered as a bit “agitated”. Then, we will study how this proclamation might be a way to try to smooth things within the population.
As it has been said, the current context was actually sort of agitated. To focus on it, we will rely both on the document, and exterior facts. To go back to the proclamation that we read, we can see that – indeed – England seems to be the field of special issues : robberies. As it has been said in the introduction, Elizabeth’s reign went through hard times while dealing with the problem of poverty in the country. As it is specified in the document “by occasion wherefore many robberies and felonies and other horrible crimes and offenses be committed and done to the high displeasure of Almighty God and to the great hurt of her good and loving subjects ”. The use of the word “many” underlines the fact that it is not an isolated case that happened only once – but that it is more of a national crisis that occurs all around the country, and need to be dealt with as it is a major issue for everyone. These poverty-related issues came from the rising of the population, as it has been specified upper in our study. But this growth of the population created a “domino effect” since it gave birth to other issues that kept tearing down the country. The first that we could talk about would be the rise of the prices : indeed, since there was more and more people and that these mouths needed to be fed, this led to more requests for food and inevitably resulted into a rise of its price. We could also talk about sheep farming : this business required a lot of land on which the sheep could be on, but there were less and less lands since the population kept rising which led the farmers to lose some of their recipes, because the lands were shrinking more and more, making their space for teir sheep breeding and feeding more restricted. Considering the fact that there were actually a lot more poor people than rich people who were targetted by these “felonies” (to quote the text), the context might have grew quickly into an issue that needed to be taken care of – as the government during the Tudors grew concerned about the lower classes, according to what is said on the website “The History” Learning. Furthermore, to keep in touch with what has been said, the poor were divided into three categories : the “helpless poor” who couldn’t take care of themselves (the disabled, the sick, the child and the elderly), the “able bodied poor” (people who were able and wanted to work). The third and last group was known a”Rogue and Vagabonds”. This particular group was the one who asked the most of attention to the government since it was the one who was most likely to create and get into trouble. The document shows it well, since it is focused on this group who disrupted the life of the “hard workers”, the “good population” full of goodwill. Also, in order to fight this issue of poverty, the government made sure that every parish took under its responsibility the poor that lived in it – in the same way, the created what will be known as “the Poor Rate”. This might have also been a way to make the poor feel like they were being taken care of and not forgotten, in order to keep them calm because the worst for the country would have been to undergo a riot from the population2.
While reading the proclamation, we can think that its main (not to say only) goal was to create a path which could lead the country back to order, since it was sort of in the middle of a social chaos ? First of all, the tone of the text is really compassionate. The population is mentioned as “good and loving subjects” of the queen, which could be linked to what has been said upper (the fact that the government wanted the poor to feel like they were listened in order to prevent any more issues that could occur from it). Also, it deeply goes in the way of the poor, as the proclamation is not neutral : the crimes are said to be “horrible”, and the people “suffered to live” according to the proclamation. This might also be a way for the ministry of England to “manipulate” the population in order to keep a control over them : but in both case, that would mean that the government understand the situation, and that it was an urgent one. This proclamation translates the feelings of the government and could also be said to focus on the need of making the queen’s figure as loving and caring for her subjects, because this is what they needed at that moment : to feel safe, and protected. After ready all of the proclamation, we can say that – according to what has been said by the government, and how the subjects was presented – order seems to be seen as everything which is related to the rules, the law and respecting them, a constant society where everyone is listened while disorder could be related to the issues that occurs such as the growth of population that wasn’t planned, or the birth of the “Rogues and Vagabonds” group of people. To go beyond that, we can notice that the measures that have already been taken were mentioned in the official text from the government. Indeed, it is specified that the Queen Elizabeth Ist minded “with some severity presently to have the said good laws and statutes already provided against such persons to be duly put in execution”, which succeeded in reminding the population that these robberies issues were not coming from a lack of severity towards the criminals : but that the poverty was getting so serious that the threats from being punished with death penalty were no longer useful nor enough to keep the country safe and calm. Actually, and to be fair, the government always was both very hard and tough towards the thieves and criminals question, as they thought (rightly) that any mercy or manifestation of softness from would invite more and more poor people to do the same : and that would have quickly become unmanageable in addition to leading the country to its end. We could also think that they were intentionally being harsh by giving easily the death penalty since it would help to lower the rate of the population while “cleaning” it from the criminals : but they would have not said that like this, nor publicly recognized it so this is only an hypothesis. In the proclamation, the government also stated a new order that charged “all persons that by the laws of this realm may be taken for rogues or vagabonds, and all idle persons and masterless men not having wherewith to live on, not living by any lawful labor or occupation, and being her natural born subjects, that they and every of them do within two days next after the publishing of this proclamation depart and avoid themselves from the said cities of London and Westminster and suburbs of the same”. This new law might be taken as a manifestation from the government’s will to make those robberies stop as they were starting to be more and more suspicious about the “strangers”, since most of them might be robbers and vagabonds since their speciality was to constantly move and never stay too long at a same place.
To conclude, we can say that this article named Proclamation Enforcing Statutes against Vagabonds and Rogues do fight against disorder through different ways as it is a large and serious subject for the Ministry of England. Through our outline, we first saw that this proclamation came from the fact that the current context of 1576 was very difficult and prone to a lot of issues which all came from a same fact : the brutal growth of the population from 35%, which is a very high number that caused a lot of trouble to the crown, and the lead of the country as many people suffered hunger and poverty. We then saw that the government did everything that it could to prevent any more issues to be born – but a “domino effect” lead to more and more of them, such as the rise of prices and the business of sheep farming. After this point, we actually studied the tone of the text and how it was a way to keep the population calm and not anger it more since it was the one who suffered the most from the issues that occurred all around the country – and also considering the fact that there were more poor people that rich ones, which mean that it would have been easy for them to overthrow the government. And as a last point, we took an interest in the measures that have been taken both in the document, and before the publication of this proclamation.
Dernière édition par thestral. le Ven 18 Mai - 18:41, édité 1 fois | |
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Messages : 807 Date d'inscription : 12/02/2015
| Sujet: Re: Mini mémoires S2. Mer 9 Mai - 16:25 | |
| GEOGRAPHIE : Olivier Milhaud milhaud.geo@gmail.com
- DONE:
Consignes Vous répondrez en anglais aux questions suivantes : - En vous appuyant très explicitement (citations précises et/ou notes de bas de page) sur les exemples mobilisés par Michel Foucault, vous décrirez, en anglais, comment, face au(x) désordre(s), la souveraineté, la discipline et la sécurité jouent différemment sur l’espace. (7 points) - En vous appuyant très explicitement (citations précises et/ou notes de bas de page) sur l’article de David A Baldwin, vous montrerez, en anglais, pourquoi il faut une conceptualisation claire de la sécurité pour appréhender les enjeux d’ordre et de désordre. (7 points) - En vous appuyant très explicitement (citations précises et/ou notes de bas de page) sur l’article de Chris Philo, vous détaillerez, en anglais, pourquoi il est important que les géographes prennent au sérieux les questions d’ordre et de sécurité. (6 points) Reading List “Spaces of security: The example of the town. Lecture of 11th January 1978”, Michel Foucault, Political Geography 26 (2007) 48-56 “The concept of security”, David A Baldwin, Review of International Studies 23 (1997) 5-26 “Security of geography/geography of security”, Chris Philo, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 37 (2012) 1-7 Présentation Vos nom et prénom seront clairement indiqués sur le document au début du devoir. Vous devrez me l’envoyer en pièce jointe au format .doc ou bien .docx ou bien .pdf. Tout autre format sera refusé. ATTENTION ! Tout plagiat sera sévèrement sanctionné et considéré comme une fraude. Rédigez dans votre anglais, même s’il est hésitant, et n’oubliez jamais les guillemets et références obligatoires pour toutes vos citations. Enfin, veuillez noter qu’on attend d’un mini-mémoire une certaine longueur (de 1800 à 3000 mots), pas du remplissage, mais de la réflexion et de la maturité intellectuelle. - Spoiler:
1 ) After reading the work of Michel Foucault, we had to study it in order to find an answer to our question which was : how do sovereignty, discipline and security act differently over space in front of disorder(s) ? Indeed, the document presented is related to this topic, and at the beginning a sentence caught our eye : “Baldly, at first sight and somewhat schematically, we could say that sovereignty is exercised within the borders of a territory, discipline is exercised on the bodies of individuals, and security is exercised over a whole population.” This gave a so of first answer, since it gave different ways for these three notions to act over the space. It appears that at first, we could think that sovereignty mostly acts over the territorial space, discipline over the people and their individual (such as their personal space, behaviour ..) while security apply only to a population since its main focus is to keep it safe. But is that so ? This is what Michel Foucault is about to study – and he wants to teach us that everything is not that simple, neither manichean.
When he spoke about discipline, Michel Foucault began his point by saying : “Discipline is of course also exercised on the bodies of individuals, but I have tried to show you how the individual is not the primary datum on which discipline is exercised. Discipline only exists insofar as there is a multiplicity and an end, or an objective or result to be obtained on the basis of this multiplicity. ” While saying this, he stated that discipline, security and sovereignty might be all complementary. Indeed, the “individual” is not the first thing on what discipline is exercised : but on a whole. If there is no space in which it can apply, then there is no need for discipline since there is nothing to order. To discipline requires multiplicity – therefore disorder, since the proper of the multiplicity is to need order, an “objective or result” to quote again the text. While giving us the example of the city in the seventeenth and eighteenth century, he wrote something interesting : “Second, the growth of trade, and then, in the eighteenth century, urban demography, raised the problem of the town’s compression and enclosure within its walls. The development of military techniques raised the same problem.” Here, the “military techniques” can be linked to the notion of security, also to the discipline one since there are people who are under the law of the army. In this example, Michel Foucault first stated that sovereignty was not the only one to influence over the space in itself. In fact, the growth of the military (tools and army), along with the necessity to protect themselves gave birth to a need of more space for the cities, since they were no longer large enough to contain everything they needed (in plus of the growth of the population too). Moreover, Michel Foucault also added : “School and military discipline, as well as penal discipline, [..] are all particular ways of managing and organizing a multiplicity, of fixing its points of implantation, its lateral or horizontal, vertical and pyramidal trajectories, its hierarchy, and so on” which proves his point. Discipline can organize differently space in many of its form : it can be social space, territorial space, and on so and so forth. A few pages later, he added : “ [..] this idea of the political effectiveness of sovereignty is linked to the idea of an intensity of circulations: circulation of ideas, of wills, and of orders, and also commercial circulation.” which shows that sovereignty does not only stands on territory, but also on how the communications and circulations occur on it. Sovereignty seems to influence the space to develop itself, since its purpose is to expand. It appears that its aim is to propose a place in a space that is free and left to develop, and needs to be put in order.
To conclude, we can in fact say that sovereignty, security and discipline all influence in different ways the space, in front of disorder(s). Discipline seems to be way more focused on the personal space (individuals), but we saw that it can also apply to the territorial space. For what concerns the security, we saw that in plus of being focused on the multiplicities and the population in itself, it can, just like discipline, have an influence over the territorial space (just like we saw with the example of the city). Then, sovereignty seems to be a whole and focuses more on the territory, and the exchanges that happened on it since its purpose is to expand.
2 ) Then, while reading the work of David A. Baldwin in “The Concept of Security”, we had to answer to the question which purpose was to show who we need a clear conception of security in order to apprehend order and disorder issues. In the very beginning of his development, Baldwin started to say about the need of giving a clear definition of what security is : “First, it facilitates asking the most basic question of social science, 'Of what is this an instance?'” which shows that, like in any work, giving the definition of a term is necessary if you want to study a subject related to it. Furthermore, it also asks about the relevance of security, and why it appears to be needed. Then, he continues : “Second, it promotes rational policy analysis by facilitating comparison of one type of security policy with another. And third, it facilitates scholarly communication by establishing common ground between those with disparate views” which settles that security is not universal and that there are different types of security. And this seems to be why it might be necessary to have a clear conceptualisation of security – since there are many different ways to conceive it, and that it could lead to a misunderstanding. And this is what Baldwin is about to show us.
The development continues a lines later, when he states that : “Without clear concepts, however, scholars are apt to talk past each other, and policy-makers find it difficult to distinguish between alternative policies”. This being said, it seems that Baldwin support the idea that, to fight disorder giving a clear conceptualisation of security might be a first step to order. Indeed, it gives a way to arrange society and its running. Later, he goes on and start a new statement about the subject : “Explicating the concept of security does not provide empirical propositions, theories, or analytical frameworks. Although clear concepts are useful for constructing propositions. theories, and analytical frameworks, they are not a substitute for them.” Thus, the proper of security is to anticipate what could happened – because it does not provide “empirical propositions” which applies on what has been experimented, and not on actual facts or experiences. Baldwin then gives another example, while using the context of the Cold War. Indeed, his example is used to show why security seems to be so important, especially in times of war or conflicts. Furthermore, using such a violent context as the Cold War and its fights is a way to directly prove his point. While developing his ideas, he says : “If military force was relevant to an issue, it was considered a security issue; and if military force was not relevant, that issue was consigned to the category of low politics” which underlines the fact that, for a long time, security was never seen as an “individual” concept but something more more like a backup, and that the government didn’t really care about it when it could have prevented many tragedies, and events that didn’t turn well.
This being said, we can conclude by saying that it seems that security plays an important role in the issues of order in disorder, if we focus on Baldwin’s point of view and its examples / studies / statements. This is why we need a clear conception of what security is, because if we want to have an impact over these issues, we need to master security as a useful tool over them. 3 ) In the introduction of its statement, Chris Philo already gives a hint about how he is going to talk about his subject. Indeed, in the first paragraph of his work, he writes : “the practices installed by certain peoples in certain places when striving to enhance their own senses of security may end up exacerbating the insecurities felt by others in other places” which is quite a human way of seeing the subject (he even says it later, that his approach is going to be more human than physical). Here, his statement shows that from one place to another, from one territory to another, the rules of security might be different and that one population will not be as comfortable around something as another : and this is why they need to take them in consideration. Many things can interfere with security rules, such as culture, religion, or even the weather and climatic conditions of the place they are studying. People’s ideologies and their habits need to be taken seriously in geography, since it has an impact over the space, and how it is used. For example, if a city is constructed over a seismic fault, it will greatly impact its population’s habits, the way the city is built, its form, etc. He then shows how the work of the geographers is important in the question of security and order. “There is hence warrant for geographers [..] to deploy geospatial technologies where these might contribute meaningfully to improving safety and reducing fear for insecure communities and populations, wherever they are found ” which underlines the fact that the communities and populations are a huge cast in their studies, and need to be taken in consideration. Furthermore, since geographers also depends on the answers they get from the interviews with the people they meet and have interactions with, it could be said that, as it is a human job (by that I mean that they have meetings and also relies on social codes, in their studies just like in their interactions) it is part of their role to take into consideration how the people feel. Later, he states that “security becomes geographically narrowed to the likes of ‘homeland security’, with all of the exclusions that such a construction inevitably brings, even as the task of keeping such bounded spaces secure appears to warrant diverse interventions in quite other spaces elsewhere” which shows how huge the impact of security can be over the geographical space of a city. As I said earlier, the rules of security can also impact the territory of a city : for example in France, if you have a house in the edges of the Seine, it needs to be at a certain distance in case of floods. We can also take as an example the fact that in Japan, there are some infrastructures that are adapted to the seismic risk, since Japan is located on a seismic fault – or the fact that Iceland’s town and villages are mostly located on the coasts, since the “Highlands of Iceland” are uninhabitable (because of the weather, or the resources). As a conclusion, we can say that geographers need to take seriously the issues of security and order because both of them can have a huge impact on the data of their studies, and could also explain them. Indeed, with the examples quoted by Chris Philo alongside those we gave, we saw that geographical observations could be explain by security or order issues.
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